Or maybe, “why is monogamy so prevalent?” Tbh I don’t have the stats on hand to feel confident asking it that second way, hence the title question, but in either case the question still stands.
Or maybe, “why is monogamy so prevalent?” Tbh I don’t have the stats on hand to feel confident asking it that second way, hence the title question, but in either case the question still stands.
Monogamous setups are the most common arrangement for us humans. Even in societies where polygamy is allowed, it’s usually the minority. Cheating is a bit more common, with around 25% of men admitting to it and 15% of women. So while not perfectly monogamous, I would still say it’s prevalent.
No one knows for sure why but there are a few theories floating around. A leading one is that infanticide is a huge concern for humans and many other primates. Our pregnancy periods are one of the longest and it takes over a decade for our offspring to reach a point where they can be self-reliant. By limiting ourselves to a single partner we increase the odds of our offspring surviving.
For the male partner limiting themselves to a single partner has benefits. Spending less time trying to attract another female partner means more time for providing for your existing partner and offspring. With birthrates of males and females being close to 1:1, limiting themselves to a single female partner also means fewer male rivals without a partner/offspring. Which reduces the risk of a rival trying to kill them, and their offspring, and taking their female partner for themselves.
We also see a shift in partner choice from females. With females preferring to mate with good providers rather than the strongest available partner. This meant the focus of male parts of the species shifted from fighting each other to becoming providers.
And these changes probably happened with ancient ancestors. Before we would consider them modern humans, maybe as early as Homos Errectus. We still see similarities in other primate species that are monogamous. For example, if the size difference between the male and females in the species is small, they tend to be monogamous. And humans are fairly similarly sized, we aren’t equal but it’s also not as big as with gorillas, where males are twice the size of females.
But there is also a big asterisk to human monogamy. Especially if we look at warfare and slavery. Invading armies raping the local population is a huge issue even today. And many slaves had and have no choice in their sexual activities either.
This is a good historical perspective. In modern times, IMO, this is driven either by tradition, religion, or simple jealously. It’s harder to control someone into a situation where you can restrict their contact with other potential mates, if their partner is “the jealous type”.
Which isn’t to mention that until very recently, compared to the whole of human history, women were subservient to the men in their lives. Often as property. Owned by their father until marriage, then owned by their husbands. This would have factored in, and especially with religion reinforcing the notion of the man as the head of the household, and promoting monogamy, a lot were living that life.
Polyamory and polygamy while fairly old ideas, are still fairly taboo for most, even if they would otherwise be open to it. There have been some that accomplish it in the modern era, usually in small clusters of people, but finding near-by, like-minded people is usually difficult at best, and impossible at worst.
There’s also the fear of disease, since we started to identify sexually transmitted infections, which has only really been happening in the last ~100 years, give or take, there’s an aspect of concern when going from a single partner to multiple. Obviously there are protections that exist but nothing is absolute. Some may limit their options simply so they do not have to worry about whether their partner(s) have picked up anything from others, which could be passed to them.
I’m sure there’s a lot more that can be considered for modern monogamy, but I think those are the big ones. Everyone’s choices are their own with their own personal driving forces to the decision. I think at a basic level we’re typically wired for it, based on hillock’s assessment, we’ve evolved to want monogamy for the benefit of our offspring; I think that’s changing, since we don’t bed wrestle for the purpose of making more humans most of the time anymore; even still, that biological drive to stick around to support the child bearing members of the species is still very strong even if there’s no children, and no expectation of children involved in the process.
STIs have been recorded for centuries, and we had a good idea of the route of transmission even then. Gonorrhea has been noted in medical records for over 700 years.